SCOTLAND, incorporated with the government at Westminster by the Protectorate's own ordinance of 1654, an arrangement the Settlement (q.v.) of 1659-60 found already in force and confirmed without material alteration, so that Scotland has returned senators and tribesmen to every Assembly the Commonwealth has ever seated. The Kirk's own Presbyterian discipline was left, by the Frame (q.v.)'s own express provision, entirely to Scotland's own General Assembly rather than folded into the Public Profession's broader English establishment, an accommodation this contributor, whose own sympathies lie readily enough with the reformed communion generally to require no particular confession of preference between its several branches, regards as among the wiser pieces of draftsmanship the framers of 1660 left behind them: a settlement that asked Scotland to share a Senate and an Assembly with its southern neighbour without asking it to share a pulpit has worn a good deal better, across two and a half centuries, than a more thoroughgoing uniformity would very probably have worn.
The northern kingdom's attachment to the Stuart cause outlasted the Settlement rather longer than the Home Provinces' own, the Highland clans in particular retaining, well into the last century, loyalties the Frame's own civil arrangements had done comparatively little to disturb; the first rising, in 1715, was suppressed with a want of lasting bitterness this contributor attributes to its own limited scope, and the second, the Rising (q.v.) of Charles Edward Stuart, is examined at the length its greater consequence deserves under its own separate heading. Scotland's civil life since has been remarkably free of the disaffection either rising might have been supposed to leave behind it, a peace this contributor's own reading of the Kirk's parish records attributes in no small part to the Established Kirk's own steady work in the Highland parishes across the century following Culloden.
The "Enlightenment of the north," as the Commonwealth's own men of letters have styled the remarkable flowering of philosophy, economy, and natural science that Scotland's universities produced across the last century, is a subject this contributor approaches with the particular pride of a countryman: the moral philosophy taught at Edinburgh and at Glasgow, and the economic writing that grew out of it, have supplied this Commonwealth's own political economy with a good part of its settled vocabulary, and the Kirk's own long-standing insistence upon a parish school in every parish, whatever its cost to the heritors who funded it, gave Scotland a literate peasantry a full century before the Commonwealth's other provinces generally achieved one. Whatever this Commonwealth's Established Kirk may lack in the ornament its Old Episcopal neighbours to the south still occasionally profess to miss, it has not, on this contributor's own accounting, lacked for learning. (W. R. S.)